Holistic approach needed for protection against pathogens

Where we live — and the spaces surrounding our homes — are host to countless microorganisms. These microbes are almost always present. But the question is: Are they harmful to our health? And if so, how do these microorganisms impact human health within our living environments?

In today's world, various pathogens are emerging as major threats to human health. The Covid-19 pandemic, for instance, is a stark reminder. It disrupted not just global health but economies, lifestyles, and social structures. This highlights a critical question: Should architects, planners, and engineers play a more active role in controlling the spread of harmful microbes in the built environment?

Typically, when we think of pathogens, we imagine antibacterial soaps, antiviral disinfectants, or vaccines. But we also need to rethink our living spaces – our homes must be designed and maintained to resist microbial threats. Keeping our spaces clean and well-ventilated is essential. On the other hand, not all microbes are harmful. Many probiotic microbes offer health benefits and are vital to our ecosystems and personal well-being. However, some pathogenic microorganisms found in our homes can easily make us sick — even causing death in some cases. Hence, understanding what types of microbes can exist in and around our homes is crucial, not only for our own health but for that of our families and communities.

A study by scientists at NSF International in Southeast Michigan examined 22 households. They found the highest concentrations of bacteria in dishwashing sponges, followed by toothbrush holders, kitchen sinks, coffee makers, and countertops. Especially around stovetops and places where food often falls, bacterial growth was rampant. Other sites like trash bins, toys, and toilet seats were also hotspots. Improperly maintained waste areas were found to be constant breeding grounds for microbes.

Another extensive study led by Jordan Peccia, Professor of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at Yale University, analyzed samples from 198 homes to examine microbial diversity in household dust. The most common fungal species identified were Leptosphaerulina chartarum, Epicoccum nigrum, and Wallemia sebi, while dominant bacterial genera included Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Corynebacterium. Interestingly, homes with pets or those located in suburban areas have a wider range of microbial species.

Meanwhile, researchers from Seoul National University in South Korea investigated bacteria found on toilet seats and refrigerator surfaces. They found a high number of microbes linked to human skin, making these spots potential sources of transmission. These microbial presences, though invisible, can pose significant threats at any moment.

From bedrooms to living rooms, dining areas, kitchens, and toothbrush holders, every corner of our homes is potentially susceptible to bacterial growth. Not all microbes affect everyone equally. But our lifestyles and the way we interact with our living spaces can significantly influence microbial transmission and exposure. Whether it's architectural design or daily living habits, we must pay attention to these factors. This is especially considering the future of our health and that of vulnerable groups like children and the elderly.

Unfortunately, we tend to forget quickly. Just a few years ago, the entire world was shaken by the coronavirus pandemic, which claimed millions of lives — particularly those aged 60 and above. History shows that pandemics have struck humanity repeatedly. While science has developed vaccines and solutions over time, underdeveloped nations often face long-lasting repercussions, including severe mental, economic, and social crises.

We often fail to take timely preventative action or plan for the future after a crisis. We move on to the next pressing issue, and when past problems resurface, we are left helpless. Sadly, we have yet to build sufficient awareness, and our behaviours reflect this shortcoming. This lack of foresight can lead to repeated cycles of crisis and recovery, leaving vulnerable populations at greater risk. Addressing these issues requires a proactive approach, including improved public health infrastructure, education, and global cooperation to mitigate the impact of future pandemics. Such negligence in our living habits could lead to even more dangerous situations in the future — beyond what Covid-19 brought upon us.

Thus, it is imperative that we revisit our approach — starting with the problem and rethinking how to ensure a healthier future. We must prioritise education, awareness, and preventive measures to safeguard ourselves and future generations. This includes adopting healthier living habits, strengthening healthcare systems, and fostering global cooperation to mitigate the impact of future pandemics. 

Only through proactive efforts can we hope to build resilience and protect humanity from recurring crises.It is evident that current building regulations lack a health-centric focus. In a densely populated country like ours, we must reconsider how health and habitation intersect. Government-led initiatives are crucial, but collaboration is also needed — bringing together doctors, architects, engineers, scientists, planners, and social workers to develop a new, health-conscious urban development guideline. 

Building codes should integrate health requirements as a fundamental element. If we fail to act now, there may be little left to protect in the near future. By embedding health considerations into urban planning and architectural design, we can create environments that promote well-being and prevent disease. This holistic approach will not only enhance quality of life but also reduce the burden on healthcare systems, ensuring a sustainable and resilient future for all.

Dr Sajal Chowdhury is an architect, educator and Head at the Department of Architecture, CUET and researcher focusing on Environmental Experience Design, IEQ, Architectural Science and Well-being.